FOR loops
This is a way to repetively execute commands a SET number of times.
They are implemented by an index variable, generally, an integer, but
can also be a character. THE INDEX VARIABLE VALUE IS NOT ADDRESSABLE
OUTSIDE A FOR LOOP! Always remember that, though one of those index
variables may be used as a "clean slate" variable for other things.
Examples of FOR loops are...
for i := 1 to 7 do
{ starts at 1, counts to 7, stepping/adding by 1 each execution }
...
for letter := 'a' to 'z' do
{ starts at a, counts through the alphabet, stepping to z by 1 letter }
for i := 10 downto 1 do
{ starts at 10, counts down to 1, stepping/subtracting by 1 }
For this short example, keep in mind that the index variables CAN be
addressed inside of the for loop for the values we want.... For counter
variables, it's generally OK to use some letter like i or j or whatever...
Do make your variables DESCRIPTIVE, though. That's a good programming
practice...
program tutorial6;
var
i: integer;
begin
writeln('I''m going to write something 10 times.');
for i := 1 to 10 do
writeln('something', '(Time #':15, i, ')');
end.
Type this one in and run it, and you'll see what it does. It writes the
first statement above, then writes...
something (Time #1)
something (Time #2)
...
something (Time #10)
We can see a good, real use for this, and keep in mind that groups of
statements can be executed in a for loop, just like if statements by
using begin and end; operators, and for loops can be nested as well...
WHILE loops
===========
It is possible to have a loop perform a set of
commands a non-set number of times, until a condition is met.
We see this in the recode of tutorial6 from last time I will
make using a while loop instead of a for loop.
program tutorial7;
var
i: integer;
begin
writeln('I''m going to write something 10 times.');
i := 1;
while i <= 10 do
begin
writeln('something', '(Time #':15, i, ')');
i := i + 1;
end;
end.
As we see when we run this program, it produces the same output
as program tutorial6 did. The statements in the while loop
function while the condition is true. When i becomes 11, the loop
breaks off and the program ends. Like the IF statements, we can
place multiple conditions by connecting them like before with the
AND or OR identifiers...
REPEAT loops
============
This is another loop we can use. The WHILE loop will
function while a condition is true. The REPEAT loop stops fun-
ctioning when a condition is true. We see the idea of this again,
when we reconstruct program tutorial6 using the repeat loop...
program tutorial8;
var
i: integer;
begin
writeln('I''m going to write something 10 times.');
i := 1;
repeat
writeln('something', '(Time #':15, i, ')');
i := i + 1;
until i > 10;
end.
The programs tutorial6, tutorial7, and tutorial8 perform the same
things, with loops, using different ideas. The difference of the
while and repeat loops over the for loop is that UNDER NO CIRCUM-
STANCES IS THE INDEX VARIABLE FOR A FOR LOOP TO BE CHANGED WHILE
INSIDE THE LOOP. The conditional variable for a while or repeat
loop can be easily changed as we saw in tutorial7 and tutorial8.
There are many choices and options we can implement with the while
and repeat loops. Menu systems are often implemented like this
Continue until user wants to quit. is the basic logic.).
STOP ! !
Extra Information - For the Keeners Only -
CASE statement
==============
As we saw in tutorial5, we may want to make a choice based
on many, multiple options. This statement is analogous to a series
of IF statements on the same variable. The CASE statement reduces
the wordiness of such a construct, and makes things easier. I was
eluding to this statement before when I mentioned then that there
is a better way of doing it. Well, here it is. We use the example
of tutorial9 below, which is a rewrite of tutorial5, to illustrate
the use and syntax of a case statement. Keep in mind that the operator
we use in the case statement (like option below) must be a character
or an integer...
program tutorial9;
var
one, two: integer;
option: char;
begin
writeln('Enter an integer.');
readln(one);
writeln('Enter another integer.');
readln(two);
writeln('Use a mathematical symbol to indicate what you want to do');
writeln('with these two numbers.');
readln(option);
case option of
'+': begin { sub procedures can be coded as well }
writeln(one, ' + ', two, ' = ', one + two, '.');
writeln('See, I can add.');
end;
'-': writeln(one, ' - ', two, ' = ', one - two, '.');
'*': writeln(one, ' * ', two, ' = ', one * two, '.');
'/': writeln(one, ' / ', two, ' = ', one / two :0:3, '.');
else {catch rest}
writeln('Use +, -, *, or / as your operator. Try again.');
end; {case includes an implied begin. We MUST end. }
end.
IMPORTANT : YOU NEED THE SEMI-COLON AFTER THE END IN THE CASE STATEMENT.
As I said in the note, case statements include an implied BEGIN. We must
say end; to complete the case statement. The case statement is formatted
for each of our choices above, and the else can be used as a catch-all in
case the user places something in there that we don't account for in the
program, so we can write an error message to the user. The syntax of the
case statement is basically as above. You see everything that can be done
with the case statement under Pascal.
Random and Randomize
====================
We can generate random numbers by doing the following.
At the beginning of the program, call randomize. Then do
random(). What will happen is it will produce an
integer from 0 and less than the number you put in. Random(3)
will produce a random number from 0-2. Example.
program tutorial10;
{ write 10 random numbers between 1 and 20 }
var
number: integer;
i: integer;
begin
randomize;
{ start the random number generator. Only call once, but must call! }
for i := 1 to 10 do
writeln('Random number (#', i,') = ', random(20) + 1);
{ produce random number from 1-20 instead of 0-19 like random(20) only
does }
end.
The Upcase and Length Functions, addressing strings
====================================================
upcase(char) command will place a letter into uppercase. This
command is useful for input prompts where the user is asked to give input
that involves a character or a string. To illustrate the use of this
command, which may be placed in a write statement, or an assign (it is
what is defined as a function. We will see what that is next time.).
write(upcase('c')); will produce a C on the screen. Another example,
which uppercases a string. We use the function length(string) which is
useful for that purpose. Given a string into that function, it will
return an integer length of the string.
for i := 1 to length(inputstring) do
upcasestring := upcasestring + upcase(inputstring[i]);
This for loop will accomplish it. The thing we see also, with the illus-
trations of the upcase and length functions, is that we can address any
part of the string by stringname[position in string]. For example, the
string "Charleston" can be there as inputstring. If we wanted the 5th
character of the string, we say inputstring[5]. inputstring[5] would
be equal to 'l', since it's the 5th character of the string.
Programming Practice Problem Notes
==================================
I am beginning to see the problems get more difficult as there are
more things we know, and we can do more useful and fun things with our
coding. You may even want to start setting out and solving simple
mathematical problems for homework, or coding up a simple program that can
figure up your checkbook ... it can be done with what you know now, believe
it or not. Think about what you can do with your new found knowledge. Do
not try and overextend yourself trying to do things you have no knowledge of
as of yet. Attempt this practice programming problem as you hopefully have
the others. It's a rather fun one, as it's an actual game. We see we are
coming far and there is a lot farther road to go. There's lots more
concepts we have to learn, which will enable us to do a whole lot more.
Look forward to several more parts, hopefully...
Practice Programming Problem #3
===============================
Create a program in Pascal and entirely Pascal that will enable the
user to play a guessing game using the keyboard and the monitor as input and
output. The points to be addressed in programming this game:
1) The number range of the guessing game must be from 1 to 100.
2) The user must be given 6 opportunities to guess the number.
3) After the user guesses at the number, the program is to answer the
user by saying whether their guess was high or low and tell them the
number of guesses they have remaining.
4) If they guess the correct number, give them a congrats message. If
they exhaust their attempts, give them a try again message, revealing
the correct number.
5) Give them the opportunity to play again by asking whether they want to
play again (Give them a Y/N prompt.). Be sure to take care of all 4
variants of this choice by using the most efficient method you have
available to you.
6) Remember as always to code as efficiently as possible. This one can
be printed out on one page (38 lines to be exact for my sample of this
one). Use that as a coding goal for your learning.
7) If you get stuck, e-mail me about it, and I'll see if I can help. Have
faith. You have the ability to do it.
sample output
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
I'm thinking of a number between 1 and 100. What is it?
50
It's higher. (5 guesses remaining)
75
It's lower. (4 guesses remaining)
63
It's higher. (3 guesses remaining)
If right:
Congratulations! You got the number right!
If wrong:
Sorry, you ran out of choices. The number I was thinking of is 68.
Play again:
Do you want to play again? (Y/N)